Implementation of Three New Criminal Laws in India: A Study of Police Preparedness in Uttar Pradesh

Abstract

The enactment of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023, and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2023, which replaced the Indian Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the Indian Evidence Act respectively, marks the most comprehensive overhaul of India's criminal justice system since independence. This paper examines the state of preparedness among the Uttar Pradesh Police—India's largest state police force—in implementing these transformative legislations. The study reveals significant gaps in awareness, infrastructure, and inter-agency coordination, recommending a phased capacity-building approach and enhanced digital infrastructure.

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